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SPAIN – Crossroads of civilizations and cradle of global exploration

From Moorish palaces and flamenco rhythms to cutting-edge architecture and world-class beaches, Spain is a country of dazzling contrasts.
Málaga, a coastal jewel in southern Spain with nearly 578,000 residents, is rapidly transforming from a laid-back port city into a cultural and economic magnet. Blending Moorish architecture, modern museums, and an expanding tech hub, it has seen a 15% rise in foreign residents over five years, and rising property values in districts like Soho and El Limonar. As the sun sets, the city pulses with nightlife—from rooftop bars overlooking the port to flamenco taverns and beach clubs. “Málaga is reinventing itself,” says urban planner María Torres. «It’s no longer a stopover. It’s a destination to live, invest, and celebrate life.» Photo by David Becker on Unsplash
Málaga, a coastal jewel in southern Spain with nearly 578,000 residents, is rapidly transforming from a laid-back port city into a cultural and economic magnet. Blending Moorish architecture, modern museums, and an expanding tech hub, it has seen a 15% rise in foreign residents over five years, and rising property values in districts like Soho and El Limonar. As the sun sets, the city pulses with nightlife—from rooftop bars overlooking the port to flamenco taverns and beach clubs. “Málaga is reinventing itself,” says urban planner María Torres. «It’s no longer a stopover. It’s a destination to live, invest, and celebrate life.» Photo by David Becker on Unsplash

Once the center of the world’s most powerful maritime empire, Spain exported its language, faith, and culture to the Americas, Asia, and Africa. Today, it stands as a democratic cornerstone of the European Union, a NATO ally, and a strategic bridge between continents—linking Europe with Latin America, North Africa, and the wider Mediterranean.


Its geography is as varied as its politics: from the sun-drenched beaches of Andalusia to the snow-capped peaks of the Pyrenees, from fiercely proud Catalonia to the cosmopolitan heart of Madrid. Internally, Spain navigates complex regional identities and historical wounds, including the legacies of civil war and dictatorship. Yet its political institutions remain strong, and its voice in global diplomacy is clear.


As a leader in renewable energy, cultural diplomacy, and smart infrastructure, Spain leverages its past to shape a progressive and outward-looking present. Whether through its global cultural exports—flamenco, football, Picasso—or its influence in EU migration policy, energy strategy, and Latin American affairs, Spain remains a vital actor on the world stage.

«To travel to Spain is to touch the soul of the Mediterranean.» Ernest Hemingway Paraphrased from various letters and writings

General information

Official name: Kingdom of Spain

Location: Southwestern Europe, occupying most of the Iberian Peninsula. Borders France, Andorra, Portugal, Gibraltar (UK), and the Mediterranean Sea

Capital: Madrid

Madrid is more than grand boulevards and royal palaces – it’s a city of contrasts where centuries-old traditions live alongside street art in Lavapiés, where secret rooftop bars overlook flamenco taverns, and where even the narrowest alley might hide a garden, a gallery, or a family-run tapas place known only to locals. Photo by Florian Wehde on Unsplash
Madrid is more than grand boulevards and royal palaces – it’s a city of contrasts where centuries-old traditions live alongside street art in Lavapiés, where secret rooftop bars overlook flamenco taverns, and where even the narrowest alley might hide a garden, a gallery, or a family-run tapas place known only to locals. Photo by Florian Wehde on Unsplash

Language: Spanish (Castilian); regional languages include Catalan, Basque, Galician, and Aranese

Ethnic groups: Predominantly Spanish; minorities include Catalans, Basques, Galicians, Roma, and immigrants from Latin America, North Africa, and Eastern Europe

Religion: Predominantly Roman Catholic; increasing numbers of non-religious people, as well as Muslims, Protestants, and Jews

Calling code: +34

Currency: Euro (€)

Total area: 505,990 km²

Land area: 498,980 km²

National dishes: Paella, tortilla española, jamón ibérico, gazpacho, churros

Highest point: Mount Teide (3,715 m), Tenerife

Lowest point: Sea level (Atlantic Ocean)

Largest lake: Lake Sanabria


Rising 3,715 meters above sea level, Mount Teide dominates Tenerife and is the highest peak in Spain – but there’s more than altitude here. Beyond its lunar landscapes and UNESCO-listed status, the volcano hides ice caves once used to chill wine, rare plant species that survive nowhere else on Earth, and ancient Guanche legends whispering from the rocks. A walk here is not just a hike – it's a journey through geology, mythology, and a sky so clear it's one of the best stargazing spots in the world. Photo: Chris Morgan, Flickr CC BY-SA 2.0
Rising 3,715 meters above sea level, Mount Teide dominates Tenerife and is the highest peak in Spain – but there’s more than altitude here. Beyond its lunar landscapes and UNESCO-listed status, the volcano hides ice caves once used to chill wine, rare plant species that survive nowhere else on Earth, and ancient Guanche legends whispering from the rocks. A walk here is not just a hike – it's a journey through geology, mythology, and a sky so clear it's one of the best stargazing spots in the world. Photo: Chris Morgan, Flickr CC BY-SA 2.0

Largest river: Ebro River (910 km)

Longest mountain range: Pyrenees

Largest desert: Tabernas Desert (Andalusia)

Largest island: Mallorca (Balearic Islands)

Largest volcano: Mount Teide

Deepest ocean trench: Canary Basin, south of the Canary Islands

Largest waterfall: Spain has many small waterfalls but no globally significant ones

Largest coral reef: No major coral reefs

Largest bay: Bay of Biscay

Largest canyon: Los Gaitanes Gorge, Málaga

Largest gulf: Gulf of Cádiz

Longest coastline: Approx. 4,964 km

Largest archipelago: Canary Islands

Largest glacier: Aneto Glacier remnant (Pyrenees)

Longest river delta: Ebro Delta

Largest peninsula: Iberian Peninsula

Largest national park: Sierra Nevada National Park

Nestled in the mountains of northwestern Spain, Lake Sanabria is the largest glacial lake on the Iberian Peninsula, a vast mirror of sky and forest stretching over 300 hectares. But beyond its peaceful surface lies a world of secrets – ancient legends of a drowned village, rich biodiversity protected within Sanabria Lake Natural Park, and hidden hiking trails that lead to cascading waterfalls and remote shepherd huts. Few know it’s also one of the last strongholds of the Iberian wolf and home to a tiny interpretation center where local myths and glacial history come to life. Photo: Francisco Gonzalez Flickr CC BY 2.0
Nestled in the mountains of northwestern Spain, Lake Sanabria is the largest glacial lake on the Iberian Peninsula, a vast mirror of sky and forest stretching over 300 hectares. But beyond its peaceful surface lies a world of secrets – ancient legends of a drowned village, rich biodiversity protected within Sanabria Lake Natural Park, and hidden hiking trails that lead to cascading waterfalls and remote shepherd huts. Few know it’s also one of the last strongholds of the Iberian wolf and home to a tiny interpretation center where local myths and glacial history come to life. Photo: Francisco Gonzalez Flickr CC BY 2.0

Water area: Approx. 7,010 km²

Climate: Mediterranean along the coast; oceanic in the north; continental and semi-arid inland; subtropical in the Canary Islands

Geographical features: Mountains, rivers, plateaus, coastlines, islands, volcanoes

Environmental issues: Water scarcity, desertification, wildfires, air pollution in urban areas

Biodiversity: High biodiversity, especially in island regions; home to several endemic species

Conservation efforts: Natura 2000 sites, marine and national parks, environmental protection laws, green energy development


History

Spain’s history spans thousands of years, from prehistoric settlements and Roman rule to Moorish kingdoms and the rise of a global empire in the 16th century. The 20th century was marked by civil war and dictatorship under Franco, followed by a peaceful return to democracy in 1975. Spain joined the EU in 1986 and remains a key European democracy today.

The Ebro River, Spain’s longest, winds its way through Zaragoza like a living artery of history, culture, and life. As it flows under the Puente de Piedra – the ‘Stone Bridge’ built in the 15th century over ancient Roman foundations – it reflects centuries of resilience and change. Towering behind, the illuminated Basílica de Nuestra Señora del Pilar stands as one of Spain’s most sacred pilgrimage sites, believed to be the first church ever dedicated to the Virgin Mary. But beyond the postcard view lie lesser-known tales: the river’s quiet role in shaping local cuisine through its rich ecosystem, the basilica’s hidden crypts and miraculous legends, and the bridge’s survival through floods and wars. Here, water, stone, and faith converge in one of Spain’s most unforgettable scenes. Photo: Jorge Franganillo, Flickr CC BY 2.0
The Ebro River, Spain’s longest, winds its way through Zaragoza like a living artery of history, culture, and life. As it flows under the Puente de Piedra – the ‘Stone Bridge’ built in the 15th century over ancient Roman foundations – it reflects centuries of resilience and change. Towering behind, the illuminated Basílica de Nuestra Señora del Pilar stands as one of Spain’s most sacred pilgrimage sites, believed to be the first church ever dedicated to the Virgin Mary. But beyond the postcard view lie lesser-known tales: the river’s quiet role in shaping local cuisine through its rich ecosystem, the basilica’s hidden crypts and miraculous legends, and the bridge’s survival through floods and wars. Here, water, stone, and faith converge in one of Spain’s most unforgettable scenes. Photo: Jorge Franganillo, Flickr CC BY 2.0
At the southern edge of the mighty Pyrenees, where alpine peaks give way to rugged foothills, lies the hidden village of Agüero – a stone-built hamlet embraced by the towering Mallos de Agüero, colossal rock formations that rise like natural cathedrals from the earth. The Pyrenees, stretching from the Bay of Biscay to the Mediterranean, are home to soaring peaks, deep valleys, and one of Europe’s richest ecosystems. While many seek its snowy summits, few discover quiet gems like Agüero, where the mountain range softens into wild limestone outcrops and olive groves. Here, centuries-old churches, crumbling hermitages, and eagle-haunted cliffs echo with stories of monks, shepherds, and climbers. It’s a gateway to the Pyrenees’ lesser-known southern soul – where nature, history, and silence endure. Photo: John Morton, Flickr CC BY-SA 2.0
At the southern edge of the mighty Pyrenees, where alpine peaks give way to rugged foothills, lies the hidden village of Agüero – a stone-built hamlet embraced by the towering Mallos de Agüero, colossal rock formations that rise like natural cathedrals from the earth. The Pyrenees, stretching from the Bay of Biscay to the Mediterranean, are home to soaring peaks, deep valleys, and one of Europe’s richest ecosystems. While many seek its snowy summits, few discover quiet gems like Agüero, where the mountain range softens into wild limestone outcrops and olive groves. Here, centuries-old churches, crumbling hermitages, and eagle-haunted cliffs echo with stories of monks, shepherds, and climbers. It’s a gateway to the Pyrenees’ lesser-known southern soul – where nature, history, and silence endure. Photo: John Morton, Flickr CC BY-SA 2.0

Spain’s story begins long before it became a nation. The Iberian Peninsula was home to ancient tribes, as well as Phoenician, Greek, and Carthaginian settlers who established coastal colonies. But it was the Romans who truly transformed the region. From 218 BCE, Hispania became a prized Roman province, bringing roads, cities, Latin, and Christianity—much of which still shapes Spanish identity today.


After the Roman Empire collapsed, the Visigoths ruled from their capital in Toledo, leaving behind early legal codes and a legacy of Christian rule. But in 711 CE, Muslim forces crossed the Strait of Gibraltar and conquered most of the peninsula, ushering in nearly 800 years of Islamic influence. The period of Al-Andalus was marked by flourishing science, architecture, and cultural tolerance. Cities like Córdoba and Granada became centers of art and learning.

Meanwhile, Christian kingdoms in the north slowly reclaimed territory in the long campaign known as the Reconquista. In 1492, the Catholic Monarchs, Ferdinand and Isabella, captured the last Muslim stronghold in Granada. That same year, they funded Columbus’s voyage, launching Spain’s vast global empire.


For more than two centuries, Spain ruled much of the Americas, parts of Europe, and the Philippines. Gold, silver, and power flowed into Madrid. This was the time of El Greco, Cervantes, and the Siglo de Oro—Spain’s Golden Age of culture. But wars, inflation, and resistance abroad slowly eroded the empire’s strength.


The 18th century brought Bourbon kings and modernization, but the 19th century was marked by internal conflict, civil wars, and the eventual loss of its last colonies in 1898. The 20th century began with hope but quickly unraveled. After a brief democratic republic, the Spanish Civil War broke out in 1936. General Francisco Franco emerged victorious, ruling with an iron hand until his death in 1975.

The Tabernas Desert, stretching over 280 square kilometers in southeastern Spain, is Europe’s only true desert – a surreal, sun-baked landscape of ravines, gullies, and eroded hills that looks more like Arizona than Andalusia. Though best known as the setting for classic spaghetti westerns like The Good, the Bad and the Ugly, Tabernas holds secrets far beyond the silver screen. Fossils embedded in its rock walls tell of an ancient seabed, rare reptiles and hardy desert plants thrive in its harsh climate, and abandoned film sets now host eerie ghost towns. Few visitors know that this arid land is also a hub for solar innovation, with one of Europe’s largest solar energy testing sites nearby. A place where nature, history, and Hollywood collide. Photo by Víctor Martín on Unsplash
The Tabernas Desert, stretching over 280 square kilometers in southeastern Spain, is Europe’s only true desert – a surreal, sun-baked landscape of ravines, gullies, and eroded hills that looks more like Arizona than Andalusia. Though best known as the setting for classic spaghetti westerns like The Good, the Bad and the Ugly, Tabernas holds secrets far beyond the silver screen. Fossils embedded in its rock walls tell of an ancient seabed, rare reptiles and hardy desert plants thrive in its harsh climate, and abandoned film sets now host eerie ghost towns. Few visitors know that this arid land is also a hub for solar innovation, with one of Europe’s largest solar energy testing sites nearby. A place where nature, history, and Hollywood collide. Photo by Víctor Martín on Unsplash
Mallorca, the largest island in Spain, is the jewel of the Balearic archipelago – a Mediterranean paradise known for its sun-soaked coastline, turquoise waters, and hundreds of beaches that attract millions each year. The Balearic Islands – which include Mallorca, Menorca, Ibiza, and Formentera – boast over 300 beaches in total, ranging from quiet coves to lively resort strips. Featured here is Palmanova Beach, a family-friendly favorite in southwest Mallorca, known for its soft golden sand, calm waters, and easy access to restaurants and resorts. But beyond the well-trodden sands lie hidden calas, prehistoric caves, and hilltop monasteries – reminders that Mallorca is as rich in culture and history as it is in sea and sun. Photo: Pierre de Sable, Flickr Public domain
Mallorca, the largest island in Spain, is the jewel of the Balearic archipelago – a Mediterranean paradise known for its sun-soaked coastline, turquoise waters, and hundreds of beaches that attract millions each year. The Balearic Islands – which include Mallorca, Menorca, Ibiza, and Formentera – boast over 300 beaches in total, ranging from quiet coves to lively resort strips. Featured here is Palmanova Beach, a family-friendly favorite in southwest Mallorca, known for its soft golden sand, calm waters, and easy access to restaurants and resorts. But beyond the well-trodden sands lie hidden calas, prehistoric caves, and hilltop monasteries – reminders that Mallorca is as rich in culture and history as it is in sea and sun. Photo: Pierre de Sable, Flickr Public domain

Following Franco’s death, Spain made a peaceful return to democracy. A new constitution in 1978 created a parliamentary monarchy with regional autonomy. Spain joined the European Union in 1986 and has since emerged as one of Europe’s leading travel destinations, known for its cultural diversity, historic cities, and dynamic modern life.


Today, Spain is a country where Roman ruins, Moorish palaces, Gothic cathedrals, and cutting-edge architecture all coexist. Its history isn’t just in museums—it’s written into the stones of Toledo, the courtyards of Granada, the streets of Seville, and the pulse of Madrid and Barcelona.


Attractions - A glimpse of wonders

Sagrada Familia (Barcelona)

The Sagrada Família is Barcelona’s most iconic landmark and one of the most extraordinary churches in the world. Designed by Antoni Gaudí, this monumental basilica blends Gothic tradition with visionary modernist architecture.


Towering above Barcelona, the Sagrada Família is more than a basilica – it’s a living masterpiece still under construction after more than 140 years. Designed by the visionary architect Antoni Gaudí, this extraordinary structure blends Gothic drama with organic curves inspired by nature, from tree-like columns to spiral towers that mimic honeycombs and seashells. Though Gaudí died in 1926 with only a fraction of the building completed, his vision lives on through generations of architects, artisans, and digital technology now guiding its progress. Few visitors know that the basilica is funded entirely by private donations and ticket sales, or that Gaudí is buried inside, beneath a chapel he himself designed. With an expected completion date of the late 2020s, the Sagrada Família stands as a symbol of patience, devotion, and Barcelona’s soul in stone. Photo by Pourya Gohari on Unsplash
Towering above Barcelona, the Sagrada Família is more than a basilica – it’s a living masterpiece still under construction after more than 140 years. Designed by the visionary architect Antoni Gaudí, this extraordinary structure blends Gothic drama with organic curves inspired by nature, from tree-like columns to spiral towers that mimic honeycombs and seashells. Though Gaudí died in 1926 with only a fraction of the building completed, his vision lives on through generations of architects, artisans, and digital technology now guiding its progress. Few visitors know that the basilica is funded entirely by private donations and ticket sales, or that Gaudí is buried inside, beneath a chapel he himself designed. With an expected completion date of the late 2020s, the Sagrada Família stands as a symbol of patience, devotion, and Barcelona’s soul in stone. Photo by Pourya Gohari on Unsplash

Construction began in 1882 and continues to this day, funded entirely by private donations and ticket sales. Gaudí devoted the last 15 years of his life exclusively to the project, and his distinctive style—marked by organic forms, intricate symbolism, and towering spires—is visible throughout. Despite being unfinished, it was consecrated as a basilica by Pope Benedict XVI in 2010. When complete, it will feature 18 towers, with the tallest reaching 172.5 meters, making it the tallest religious building in Europe. A visit to the Sagrada Família is a walk through Gaudí’s imagination and one of the most profound architectural experiences in Europe.

Alhambra (Granada)

The Alhambra, perched on a hilltop overlooking the city of Granada, is one of the world’s finest examples of Islamic architecture and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Originally built in the 13th century by the Nasrid dynasty—the last Muslim rulers of Spain—the complex served as a royal palace, fortress, and citadel. Its name means «The Red One» in Arabic, referring to the reddish hue of its walls. The Alhambra is famous for its intricately carved stucco, graceful arches, reflecting pools, and symmetrical gardens. Highlights include the Court of the Lions, the Hall of the Ambassadors, and the tranquil Generalife gardens. After the Christian conquest of Granada in 1492, the site was altered but preserved, later inspiring artists, writers, and poets including Washington Irving. Today, the Alhambra stands as a breathtaking reminder of Spain’s Islamic heritage and attracts millions of visitors each year.


The Alhambra complex covers approximately 142,000 square meters (about 35 acres). That includes the Nasrid Palaces, Alcazaba fortress, Generalife gardens, and various courtyards, towers, and walls.


The Alhambra in Granada is one of Spain’s most iconic monuments – a breathtaking Moorish palace-fortress complex set against the snowy peaks of the Sierra Nevada. While its intricate arches, tiled courtyards, and tranquil fountains draw millions of visitors, few realize the Alhambra is also a palimpsest of forgotten stories. Beneath its ornate beauty lies a deep mix of Islamic, Christian, and Jewish influences, layered over centuries. Secret underground passages once connected parts of the palace. The famous Court of the Lions is built on an advanced hydraulic system that still mystifies engineers today. And during Napoleon’s retreat in 1812, explosives were placed to destroy the complex – only to be miraculously saved by a French soldier who defied orders. The Alhambra is not just architecture; it’s memory carved in stone, echoing the rise and fall of empires, and the enduring mystery of beauty created in silence and shadow. Photo by Alexander Psiuk on Unsplash
The Alhambra in Granada is one of Spain’s most iconic monuments – a breathtaking Moorish palace-fortress complex set against the snowy peaks of the Sierra Nevada. While its intricate arches, tiled courtyards, and tranquil fountains draw millions of visitors, few realize the Alhambra is also a palimpsest of forgotten stories. Beneath its ornate beauty lies a deep mix of Islamic, Christian, and Jewish influences, layered over centuries. Secret underground passages once connected parts of the palace. The famous Court of the Lions is built on an advanced hydraulic system that still mystifies engineers today. And during Napoleon’s retreat in 1812, explosives were placed to destroy the complex – only to be miraculously saved by a French soldier who defied orders. The Alhambra is not just architecture; it’s memory carved in stone, echoing the rise and fall of empires, and the enduring mystery of beauty created in silence and shadow. Photo by Alexander Psiuk on Unsplash

Prado Museum (Madrid)

The Museo del Prado, located in the heart of Madrid, is Spain’s most celebrated art museum and one of the greatest collections of European art in the world. Opened in 1819, the museum was originally founded to house the royal collection and has since grown to feature more than 8,000 paintings, 700 sculptures, and countless prints and drawings. Its strength lies in Spanish masters, especially Diego Velázquez, Francisco de Goya, and El Greco. Highlights include Velázquez’s Las Meninas, Goya’s The Third of May 1808, and Hieronymus Bosch’s surreal The Garden of Earthly Delights.

The Prado also houses masterpieces by Titian, Rubens, Raphael, and Rembrandt, showcasing the depth of Spanish and European art from the 12th to the 19th century. Unlike many modern art museums, the Prado is a celebration of classical technique, religious symbolism, royal patronage, and historical narrative.


Set in a neoclassical building on Madrid’s tree-lined Paseo del Prado, the museum is part of the city’s “Golden Triangle of Art,” alongside the Reina Sofía and Thyssen-Bornemisza museums. A visit here is not just about viewing art—it’s about stepping into the soul of Spain’s cultural legacy.

The Camino de Santiago – the Way of St. James – is more than a pilgrimage; it’s a journey of the soul that weaves through ancient villages, forests, mountains, and farmlands across Spain and beyond. While millions walk the route to reach the cathedral in Santiago de Compostela, where the remains of Saint James are believed to rest, the Camino hides countless untold stories. There are actually many Caminos – over a dozen recognized routes, including the lesser-known Via de la Plata and Camino Primitivo. Along the way, ancient Roman roads, Knights Templar chapels, and pre-Christian megaliths mark a path older than Christianity itself. Some pilgrims walk for spiritual reasons, others for healing, clarity, or community. And in remote corners, tiny refuges run by volunteers offer food and shelter for free, keeping alive the Camino’s original spirit of hospitality and human connection. It’s not just about the destination – it’s about the timeless rhythm of walking, one step after another, through history, myth, and silence. Photo by Burkard Meyendriesch on Unsplash
The Camino de Santiago – the Way of St. James – is more than a pilgrimage; it’s a journey of the soul that weaves through ancient villages, forests, mountains, and farmlands across Spain and beyond. While millions walk the route to reach the cathedral in Santiago de Compostela, where the remains of Saint James are believed to rest, the Camino hides countless untold stories. There are actually many Caminos – over a dozen recognized routes, including the lesser-known Via de la Plata and Camino Primitivo. Along the way, ancient Roman roads, Knights Templar chapels, and pre-Christian megaliths mark a path older than Christianity itself. Some pilgrims walk for spiritual reasons, others for healing, clarity, or community. And in remote corners, tiny refuges run by volunteers offer food and shelter for free, keeping alive the Camino’s original spirit of hospitality and human connection. It’s not just about the destination – it’s about the timeless rhythm of walking, one step after another, through history, myth, and silence. Photo by Burkard Meyendriesch on Unsplash

Camino de Santiago

The Camino de Santiago is one of the world’s most legendary pilgrimage routes, drawing walkers, cyclists, and spiritual seekers from around the globe. Stretching across hundreds of kilometers, the Camino leads to the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela in northwestern Spain, believed to be the resting place of Saint James the Apostle. With origins dating back to the 9th century, the Camino was one of medieval Europe's three great Christian pilgrimages, alongside Rome and Jerusalem.

There are many routes, but the most famous is the Camino Francés, beginning in Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port in the French Pyrenees and covering about 800 kilometers (500 miles). Other popular paths include the Camino del Norte (coastal), Camino Portugués, and Via de la Plata from the south.

Along the way, pilgrims pass through Romanesque churches, medieval towns, rolling vineyards, and mountain passes. Accommodations range from simple hostels (albergues) to charming inns. While some walk for religious reasons, many do it for reflection, fitness, or cultural exploration. The journey is physically demanding but deeply rewarding.

At the end, reaching Santiago de Compostela is both a personal and symbolic triumph. The cathedral’s grand façade, pilgrims’ mass, and the sense of shared purpose create a powerful conclusion to a journey that is as much inward as it is geographical.


Park Güell, one of Barcelona’s most whimsical landmarks, is a colorful mosaic of creativity born from the imagination of Antoni Gaudí. Perched on Carmel Hill, it was originally conceived as a luxury residential project – but only two houses were ever built, and the site became a fantastical public park instead. While most visitors flock to the serpentine bench and the mosaic-covered dragon, few explore the hidden paths, viaducts, or Gaudí’s personal home, which now serves as a museum. Beneath the surface of this UNESCO World Heritage Site, you’ll find advanced drainage systems disguised as art, and symbolic references to Catalan identity, nature, and even Freemasonry. The park’s layout follows natural landforms, blending architecture into the hillside with near-magical harmony. Park Güell isn’t just a park – it’s a coded landscape where every curve and tile tells a story waiting to be uncovered. Photo: Jorge Franganillo, Flickr CC BY 2.0
Park Güell, one of Barcelona’s most whimsical landmarks, is a colorful mosaic of creativity born from the imagination of Antoni Gaudí. Perched on Carmel Hill, it was originally conceived as a luxury residential project – but only two houses were ever built, and the site became a fantastical public park instead. While most visitors flock to the serpentine bench and the mosaic-covered dragon, few explore the hidden paths, viaducts, or Gaudí’s personal home, which now serves as a museum. Beneath the surface of this UNESCO World Heritage Site, you’ll find advanced drainage systems disguised as art, and symbolic references to Catalan identity, nature, and even Freemasonry. The park’s layout follows natural landforms, blending architecture into the hillside with near-magical harmony. Park Güell isn’t just a park – it’s a coded landscape where every curve and tile tells a story waiting to be uncovered. Photo: Jorge Franganillo, Flickr CC BY 2.0

Park Güell (Barcelona)

Park Güell is one of Antoni Gaudí’s most imaginative and iconic creations—a whimsical fusion of architecture, nature, and Catalan modernism. Located on Carmel Hill in the Gràcia district of Barcelona, the park was originally intended as a luxury residential estate, commissioned by Gaudí’s patron Eusebi Güell in the early 1900s. The housing project failed, but what remains is one of the most visually stunning public parks in Europe.

Spanning over 17 hectares (about 42 acres), Park Güell is a surreal landscape of curving stone pathways, mosaic-covered benches, fairytale houses, and nature-inspired columns. Its most famous features include the multicolored serpentine bench that overlooks the city, the lizard sculpture known as “El Drac”, and the Hypostyle Room, whose 86 stone columns were designed to support a marketplace.

Gaudí’s deep respect for nature is visible in every detail—from the organic shapes that mirror trees and animal bones to his ingenious use of local materials. The park blends architecture seamlessly into the hillside, offering panoramic views over Barcelona and the Mediterranean Sea.

In 1984, Park Güell was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and it remains one of the city’s top attractions. While the Monumental Zone requires a ticket, the surrounding green areas are free to explore. A visit to Park Güell is like stepping into a vibrant, dreamlike world—part sculpture garden, part architectural experiment, and entirely unique to Gaudí’s genius.


Seville Cathedral, the largest Gothic cathedral in the world, rises in the heart of Andalusia like a monument to faith and ambition. Built over a former mosque, it fuses Islamic and Christian architecture in a stunning testament to centuries of cultural layering. At its side stands La Giralda, the cathedral’s iconic bell tower – originally a 12th-century minaret from the Almohad mosque that once dominated the city. Few visitors know that La Giralda was designed so riders on horseback could ascend its ramps to call the faithful to prayer. Inside the cathedral, beyond the grandeur of the main altar and the immense nave, lies the tomb of Christopher Columbus – though debate still lingers about whether his remains truly rest there. Hidden chambers, ancient keys to the old city, and symbols of conquest and coexistence are woven throughout the stone. Seville Cathedral and La Giralda don’t just tell a story of religion – they whisper of empires, explorers, and the layered soul of southern Spain. Photo: Andrew Wilkins, Flickr CC BY-SA 2.0
Seville Cathedral, the largest Gothic cathedral in the world, rises in the heart of Andalusia like a monument to faith and ambition. Built over a former mosque, it fuses Islamic and Christian architecture in a stunning testament to centuries of cultural layering. At its side stands La Giralda, the cathedral’s iconic bell tower – originally a 12th-century minaret from the Almohad mosque that once dominated the city. Few visitors know that La Giralda was designed so riders on horseback could ascend its ramps to call the faithful to prayer. Inside the cathedral, beyond the grandeur of the main altar and the immense nave, lies the tomb of Christopher Columbus – though debate still lingers about whether his remains truly rest there. Hidden chambers, ancient keys to the old city, and symbols of conquest and coexistence are woven throughout the stone. Seville Cathedral and La Giralda don’t just tell a story of religion – they whisper of empires, explorers, and the layered soul of southern Spain. Photo: Andrew Wilkins, Flickr CC BY-SA 2.0

Seville Cathedral & La Girald

At the heart of Seville, one of Spain’s most vibrant cities, stands the Cathedral of Saint Mary of the See—better known as Seville Cathedral—a colossal masterpiece of Gothic architecture and one of the most awe-inspiring religious buildings in the world. It is the largest Gothic cathedral and the third-largest church in the world by volume. Construction began in 1401 on the site of a former mosque, and it took more than a century to complete. Its scale and ornamentation reflect the wealth of Seville during Spain’s Golden Age, when it was the gateway to the riches of the New World.

The cathedral’s interior is vast and majestic, with over 80 chapels, a magnificent golden altarpiece (considered the largest in Christendom), and the tomb of Christopher Columbus, whose remains were brought to Seville in the late 19th century. The mix of Gothic, Mudejar, Renaissance, and Baroque styles throughout the cathedral illustrates the layered history of southern Spain.

Towering beside the cathedral is La Giralda, its world-famous bell tower and former minaret from the original Almohad mosque (built in the late 12th century). When the mosque was replaced by the cathedral, the minaret was preserved and transformed into a Renaissance bell tower, topped with a rotating weather vane statue known as El Giraldillo. At 104 meters (341 feet) tall, La Giralda offers sweeping panoramic views of Seville and remains a proud symbol of the city.


Together, Seville Cathedral and La Giralda are more than monuments—they are a physical narrative of Andalusia’s Islamic and Christian past, standing side by side in monumental beauty. Designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site, the complex attracts millions of visitors each year and serves as a stunning reminder of Seville’s historical and cultural power.

This sunlit alleyway lined with whitewashed buildings and vibrant flowers is from the historic Dalt Vila, the old town of Ibiza – a UNESCO World Heritage site. While Ibiza is world-famous for its nightlife, few know that its ancient core is filled with cobbled streets, quiet plazas, and centuries-old fortifications built by Phoenicians, Romans, Moors, and Catalans. Ibiza and Mallorca, the two largest Balearic Islands, are often seen as opposites – one for partying, the other for peace – but both hold hidden treasures. In Ibiza, secret sea caves and pirate watchtowers dot the coast, while in Mallorca, beneath the beaches lie prehistoric talayots and underground lakes. The La Oliva restaurant in the photo, nestled along a sloping lane in Dalt Vila, is a reminder that these islands offer not just beauty, but layers of history, culture, and Mediterranean soul that go far beyond their tourist image. Photo by Belinda Fewings on Unsplash
This sunlit alleyway lined with whitewashed buildings and vibrant flowers is from the historic Dalt Vila, the old town of Ibiza – a UNESCO World Heritage site. While Ibiza is world-famous for its nightlife, few know that its ancient core is filled with cobbled streets, quiet plazas, and centuries-old fortifications built by Phoenicians, Romans, Moors, and Catalans. Ibiza and Mallorca, the two largest Balearic Islands, are often seen as opposites – one for partying, the other for peace – but both hold hidden treasures. In Ibiza, secret sea caves and pirate watchtowers dot the coast, while in Mallorca, beneath the beaches lie prehistoric talayots and underground lakes. The La Oliva restaurant in the photo, nestled along a sloping lane in Dalt Vila, is a reminder that these islands offer not just beauty, but layers of history, culture, and Mediterranean soul that go far beyond their tourist image. Photo by Belinda Fewings on Unsplash

Ibiza and Mallorca

The Balearic Islands, off the eastern coast of Spain, are home to two of Europe’s most beloved destinations: Ibiza and Mallorca. Though they share turquoise waters and white-sand beaches, each island offers a distinctly different flavor of Mediterranean life.


Ibiza, famous for its world-renowned nightlife, is also home to tranquil coves, pine-covered hills, and a surprisingly peaceful interior. The island’s northern coast is dotted with secluded beaches like Cala d’en Serra and Benirràs, where locals gather to watch the sunset to the rhythm of tribal drums. The south and east coasts feature iconic beach clubs and clear waters perfect for swimming, snorkeling, and paddleboarding. Despite its party image, Ibiza also boasts UNESCO-listed Dalt Vila, a walled medieval town overlooking the port, and yoga retreats, farm-to-table dining, and slow-living communities that attract artists and wellness travelers.


Mallorca, the largest of the Balearics, offers dramatic contrasts—from the soaring Tramuntana mountains to calm bays and vibrant villages. Its beaches are among the finest in Europe. Es Trenc is a long, white-sand beach with Caribbean-blue water, while Cala Deià and Cala Llombards offer postcard-perfect rocky coves. The island’s capital, Palma de Mallorca, blends history and style with its Gothic cathedral, Moorish architecture, and lively marina. Inland, Mallorca is full of charming stone villages like Valldemossa and Sóller, where citrus groves and olive terraces meet cultural heritage.


Both islands offer excellent seafood, stunning coastal roads, and a rich mix of Spanish, Catalan, and island traditions. Whether you seek beachside bliss, historic towns, or unforgettable nightlife, Ibiza and Mallorca deliver the full Mediterranean experience.


The Canary Islands, an Atlantic archipelago off the northwest coast of Africa, are far more diverse and mysterious than their sunny image suggests. While Tenerife – seen here in the photo, with the resort city of Puerto de la Cruz and the shimmering pools of Lago Martiánez – is the largest and best known, each island holds hidden stories. La Palma has one of the clearest skies on Earth and a volcano (Cumbre Vieja) that reshaped its landscape in 2021. Lanzarote is home to surreal lava fields where chefs cook over volcanic heat, and César Manrique’s visionary art fuses nature with architecture. Fuerteventura hides fossilized dunes and ancient cave engravings. El Hierro runs almost entirely on renewable energy, and La Gomera preserves a whistled language used for centuries across ravines. Even tiny La Graciosa, Spain’s newest inhabited island, has no paved roads. The Canaries are not just a beach destination – they’re a living laboratory of geology, biodiversity, and cultural resilience born of fire, ocean, and time. Photo by Mike Swigunski on Unsplash
The Canary Islands, an Atlantic archipelago off the northwest coast of Africa, are far more diverse and mysterious than their sunny image suggests. While Tenerife – seen here in the photo, with the resort city of Puerto de la Cruz and the shimmering pools of Lago Martiánez – is the largest and best known, each island holds hidden stories. La Palma has one of the clearest skies on Earth and a volcano (Cumbre Vieja) that reshaped its landscape in 2021. Lanzarote is home to surreal lava fields where chefs cook over volcanic heat, and César Manrique’s visionary art fuses nature with architecture. Fuerteventura hides fossilized dunes and ancient cave engravings. El Hierro runs almost entirely on renewable energy, and La Gomera preserves a whistled language used for centuries across ravines. Even tiny La Graciosa, Spain’s newest inhabited island, has no paved roads. The Canaries are not just a beach destination – they’re a living laboratory of geology, biodiversity, and cultural resilience born of fire, ocean, and time. Photo by Mike Swigunski on Unsplash

Canary Islands

Rising from the Atlantic Ocean off the northwest coast of Africa, the Canary Islands are a Spanish archipelago shaped by fire and time. Made up of seven main islands, the Canaries are volcanic in origin—each one a unique expression of lava, landscape, and life. From black-sand beaches to lush forests and cratered highlands, this is a place where nature still feels raw and majestic.


The largest island, Tenerife, is dominated by Mount Teide, a towering volcano and Spain’s highest peak at 3,715 meters (12,188 feet). Teide National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is like stepping onto another planet, with dramatic lava fields, rock formations, and high-altitude flora. It’s one of the most visited national parks in Europe and offers stargazing that rivals Chile and Hawaii.


To the west, La Palma—nicknamed La Isla Bonita—is known for its dense forests, deep ravines, and dramatic coastline. In 2021, Cumbre Vieja erupted, reminding the world of the islands’ active geology. The eruption created new land and reshaped local communities, reinforcing both the beauty and the power of the Canaries.

Lanzarote, to the east, is a surreal landscape of ash plains and volcanic cones, celebrated for its harmony between nature and architecture. Visionary artist and architect César Manrique helped preserve its natural beauty while integrating art, sustainability, and tourism. Timanfaya National Park, with its geothermal demonstrations and camel treks through the lava fields, offers an unforgettable look at the Earth’s fiery heart.

On the night of 20 September 2021, the Cumbre Vieja volcano on La Palma unleashed a breathtaking and terrifying spectacle – fountains of lava lit up the sky, rivers of fire surged down the mountainside, and ash clouds painted the night in eerie shades of red and black. It was the island's first eruption since 1971, and one of the most destructive in Spain’s modern history. Over 7,000 people were evacuated, and more than 1,000 homes were swallowed by lava. But few realize that this eruption reshaped not only the landscape but also the island’s economy, burying farmlands and banana plantations vital to local life. New land was formed where lava met the sea, creating a constantly changing coastline. Beneath the drama, scientists quietly collected invaluable data, marking a new chapter in understanding the volcanic heart of the Canary Islands. Photo: Eduardo Robaina, Wikipedia, CC BY 3.0
On the night of 20 September 2021, the Cumbre Vieja volcano on La Palma unleashed a breathtaking and terrifying spectacle – fountains of lava lit up the sky, rivers of fire surged down the mountainside, and ash clouds painted the night in eerie shades of red and black. It was the island's first eruption since 1971, and one of the most destructive in Spain’s modern history. Over 7,000 people were evacuated, and more than 1,000 homes were swallowed by lava. But few realize that this eruption reshaped not only the landscape but also the island’s economy, burying farmlands and banana plantations vital to local life. New land was formed where lava met the sea, creating a constantly changing coastline. Beneath the drama, scientists quietly collected invaluable data, marking a new chapter in understanding the volcanic heart of the Canary Islands. Photo: Eduardo Robaina, Wikipedia, CC BY 3.0

Other islands—Gran Canaria, Fuerteventura, El Hierro, and La Gomera—each have their own volcanic features, microclimates, and ecosystems. Fuerteventura is famed for its golden beaches and windswept dunes; Gran Canaria for its canyons and cratered interior; El Hierro and La Gomera for their ancient forests and hiking trails.

Despite their volcanic origins, the Canaries enjoy a mild, spring-like climate year-round, earning them the nickname «The Islands of Eternal Spring.» With a mix of beaches, mountains, and volcanic drama, they offer something for every kind of traveler—from sun-seekers to trekkers, surfers to stargazers.

Ronda

Perched dramatically above a deep gorge in the heart of Andalusia, Ronda is one of Spain’s most spectacular and historically rich towns. Divided by the El Tajo gorge, Ronda straddles a breathtaking chasm carved by the Guadalevín River, with sheer cliffs plunging over 100 meters (328 feet) into the valley below. Connecting the old Moorish town with the newer, 18th-century quarter is the Puente Nuevo (New Bridge), a stone masterpiece and the town’s most iconic landmark. Built between 1759 and 1793, the bridge offers dramatic views of the gorge and surrounding mountains—and is one of the most photographed sites in southern Spain.

This dramatic sunset view captures the iconic Puente Nuevo (New Bridge) of Ronda, Spain—an architectural marvel that spans the 120-meter-deep El Tajo gorge, connecting the city’s old and new quarters. Built in the late 18th century, the bridge took over 30 years to complete and remains Ronda’s most striking landmark. But beneath its stone arches lie darker stories: during the Spanish Civil War, it’s believed that prisoners were thrown from the bridge into the gorge below. Ronda itself is one of Spain’s oldest towns, with roots in Roman and Moorish history. It’s the birthplace of modern bullfighting and a place that inspired Hemingway and Orson Welles—who both fell in love with its raw beauty. Few visitors realize the bridge contains a hidden chamber used as a prison, now open to the public. Ronda is a place where landscape, legend, and history collide in unforgettable ways. Photo by Alexander London on Unsplash
This dramatic sunset view captures the iconic Puente Nuevo (New Bridge) of Ronda, Spain—an architectural marvel that spans the 120-meter-deep El Tajo gorge, connecting the city’s old and new quarters. Built in the late 18th century, the bridge took over 30 years to complete and remains Ronda’s most striking landmark. But beneath its stone arches lie darker stories: during the Spanish Civil War, it’s believed that prisoners were thrown from the bridge into the gorge below. Ronda itself is one of Spain’s oldest towns, with roots in Roman and Moorish history. It’s the birthplace of modern bullfighting and a place that inspired Hemingway and Orson Welles—who both fell in love with its raw beauty. Few visitors realize the bridge contains a hidden chamber used as a prison, now open to the public. Ronda is a place where landscape, legend, and history collide in unforgettable ways. Photo by Alexander London on Unsplash

Ronda’s origins go back to pre-Roman times, but it was under Islamic rule that the town flourished, becoming an important cultural and military center. Remnants of Moorish architecture still dot the old town, including the Arab baths, city walls, and palace gardens. After the Christian reconquest, Ronda remained a stronghold of rural Andalusian life—and a symbol of Spanish romanticism.

The town also holds a special place in the history of bullfighting. The Plaza de Toros de Ronda, built in 1785, is one of the oldest bullrings in Spain and the birthplace of the modern style of bullfighting on foot, associated with the legendary Romero family. Today, the ring houses a museum and hosts an annual festival rather than regular bullfights.

Beyond its dramatic setting and cultural heritage, Ronda is surrounded by natural beauty. Olive groves, vineyards, and the Serranía de Ronda mountains make it an excellent base for hiking, wine tasting, and rural getaways. Ernest Hemingway and Orson Welles both fell in love with Ronda, capturing its haunting beauty in their works.

Whether you arrive by winding mountain road or by train through the hills, Ronda feels like a place suspended between earth and sky—a timeless Andalusian treasure where every corner tells a story.


Perched dramatically on a rocky islet off the rugged coast of northern Spain, the chapel of San Juan de Gaztelugatxe is reached by a winding stone bridge and 241 steps carved into the cliffside. This ancient pilgrimage site, dating back to the 10th century, gained global fame as Dragonstone in HBO’s Game of Thrones – but its real-life story is even more enduring. Local legend says you must ring the chapel bell three times and make a wish upon arrival. Few visitors know the site was once attacked by English pirates and was rebuilt multiple times after storms and fires. Set in the heart of the Basque Country, Gaztelugatxe reflects the region’s fierce spirit and deep devotion. The Basque people, with their own language (Euskara), unique traditions, and a culture older than Spain itself, have long lived between sea and mountain. From coastal fishing villages to highland festivals, the Basque Country is a world apart – and San Juan de Gaztelugatxe stands like a symbol of its mystery and resilience.» Photo by Luismi Sánchez on Unsplash
Perched dramatically on a rocky islet off the rugged coast of northern Spain, the chapel of San Juan de Gaztelugatxe is reached by a winding stone bridge and 241 steps carved into the cliffside. This ancient pilgrimage site, dating back to the 10th century, gained global fame as Dragonstone in HBO’s Game of Thrones – but its real-life story is even more enduring. Local legend says you must ring the chapel bell three times and make a wish upon arrival. Few visitors know the site was once attacked by English pirates and was rebuilt multiple times after storms and fires. Set in the heart of the Basque Country, Gaztelugatxe reflects the region’s fierce spirit and deep devotion. The Basque people, with their own language (Euskara), unique traditions, and a culture older than Spain itself, have long lived between sea and mountain. From coastal fishing villages to highland festivals, the Basque Country is a world apart – and San Juan de Gaztelugatxe stands like a symbol of its mystery and resilience.» Photo by Luismi Sánchez on Unsplash

Basque Country’s coastline and cuisine

The Basque Country (Euskadi) stretches along Spain’s rugged northern coast, where the Cantabrian Sea meets green mountains and dramatic cliffs. Unlike the sun-soaked beaches of the south, the Basque coastline is untamed and atmospheric—a land of crashing surf, quiet fishing villages, and striking headlands. From the windswept beaches of Zarautz and Sopelana to the island hermitage of San Juan de Gaztelugatxe—famously featured in Game of Thrones—this is a region where nature and tradition go hand in hand.


The jewel of the coast is San Sebastián (Donostia), a refined seaside city known for its crescent-shaped La Concha beach, elegant belle époque architecture, and perhaps most famously, its food. San Sebastián boasts more Michelin stars per capita than almost anywhere in the world, with restaurants like Arzak, Akelarre, and Martín Berasategui leading the way. But you don’t have to dine in fine restaurants to taste the best of Basque cuisine.

The region’s culinary soul lives in its pintxos—small, artful bites served in bars, often spiked with toothpicks and displayed on the counter. From fresh anchovies with pepper and olive, to slow-cooked beef cheeks or sea urchin cream on toast, pintxos bars are a way of life here. Locals go from bar to bar in a casual pintxo crawl, pairing each snack with a glass of txakoli, a lightly sparkling Basque white wine.


Basque cuisine is deeply connected to land and sea. Dishes like bacalao al pil-pil (salt cod in garlic and olive oil), marmitako (a hearty tuna and potato stew), and grilled txuleta (aged beef steak) reflect centuries of tradition. Fishing villages like Getaria, Bermeo, and Hondarribia offer some of the freshest seafood in Spain, often grilled simply over hot coals and served seaside.

Beyond the plate, the Basque Country is fiercely proud of its language (Euskara), identity, and culinary institutions like the private cooking societies known as txokos. Here, food isn’t just a meal—it’s memory, ritual, and art.


Standing proudly on the Galician coast in the city of A Coruña, the Tower of Hercules is the oldest functioning lighthouse in the world – and the only one of Roman origin still in use today. Built in the 1st century AD, it has guided sailors for nearly 2,000 years across the wild Atlantic. While most visitors admire its solid Roman core and 18th-century neoclassical facelift, few know the tower is wrapped in legend: it’s said to mark the site where Hercules defeated the giant Geryon and buried his head beneath the structure. The surrounding sculpture park adds a modern twist to this ancient setting, blending myth and history with contemporary art. Recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, the Tower of Hercules is more than a lighthouse – it's a symbol of endurance, mythology, and Galicia’s deep maritime soul. Photo: Jose Luis Cernadas Iglesias, Flickr CC BY 2.0
Standing proudly on the Galician coast in the city of A Coruña, the Tower of Hercules is the oldest functioning lighthouse in the world – and the only one of Roman origin still in use today. Built in the 1st century AD, it has guided sailors for nearly 2,000 years across the wild Atlantic. While most visitors admire its solid Roman core and 18th-century neoclassical facelift, few know the tower is wrapped in legend: it’s said to mark the site where Hercules defeated the giant Geryon and buried his head beneath the structure. The surrounding sculpture park adds a modern twist to this ancient setting, blending myth and history with contemporary art. Recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, the Tower of Hercules is more than a lighthouse – it's a symbol of endurance, mythology, and Galicia’s deep maritime soul. Photo: Jose Luis Cernadas Iglesias, Flickr CC BY 2.0

Government & politics

Government type: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy

Head of state: King Felipe VI (since 2014) Prime minister: Pedro Sánchez

National day: October 12

Political structure: Bicameral parliament; Prime Minister is head of government

Corruption index: Score of 60/100 (2024)

LGBTQ+ Rights: Legal protections, same-sex marriage legal since 2005

Gender equality: High; strong legal framework

Press freedom ranking: 36th globally (2024)

Foreign relations: EU, NATO, UN, and strong transatlantic partnerships

Historical timeline:– 1492: Unification and start of empire– 1936–39: Civil War– 1975: Franco’s death– 1986: Joined EU– 2017: Catalan referendum crisis

Disaster response: Coordinated through regional and national agencies; strong civil protection services





10 lesser-known facts

  1. Home to over 50 UNESCO World Heritage Sites

  2. World’s oldest lighthouse is in Galicia

  3. Castilian standardized in 13th century

  4. Produces 40%+ of global olive oil

  5. Don Quixote was the first modern novel

  6. 12 grapes eaten on New Year’s Eve

  7. World's oldest restaurant: Sobrino de Botín

  8. Has exclaves in Africa: Ceuta, Melilla

  9. Neutral in both World Wars

  10. Basque language is unrelated to any other


Fascinating stories

La Tomatina, the world’s biggest tomato fight, takes over the streets of Buñol every August — but few know it began as a spontaneous food brawl in 1945. Banned under Franco and later revived by locals, the festival now uses over 100 tons of overripe, inedible tomatoes in a chaotic one-hour battle. The event doesn’t start until someone climbs a greased pole to grab a ham — the quirky palo jabón. Despite the mess, streets are cleaned within hours, often left cleaner than before. It’s not just a party — it’s a rebellious tradition soaked in red and laughter. Photo: Łukasz Lech, Flickr CC BY 2.0
La Tomatina, the world’s biggest tomato fight, takes over the streets of Buñol every August — but few know it began as a spontaneous food brawl in 1945. Banned under Franco and later revived by locals, the festival now uses over 100 tons of overripe, inedible tomatoes in a chaotic one-hour battle. The event doesn’t start until someone climbs a greased pole to grab a ham — the quirky palo jabón. Despite the mess, streets are cleaned within hours, often left cleaner than before. It’s not just a party — it’s a rebellious tradition soaked in red and laughter. Photo: Łukasz Lech, Flickr CC BY 2.0

La Tomatina: A food fight turned global festival

Held every August in the town of Buñol, near Valencia, La Tomatina is the world’s largest tomato fight. What began in 1945 as a spontaneous street scuffle has become an international sensation, drawing over 20,000 people for one hour of joyous, tomato-soaked chaos. More than 100 tons of overripe tomatoes are hurled through the streets in a controlled but wildly messy celebration. It's playful, unique, and totally unforgettable—a must-do for festival lovers and thrill-seekers alike.


Running of the Bulls: A historic thrill in Pamplona

Each July during the San Fermín Festival, Pamplona hosts the Running of the Bulls, where participants sprint alongside charging bulls through narrow city streets. Dating back to the 16th century, the event is both thrilling and controversial, drawing thousands of locals and tourists for an unforgettable adrenaline rush.

Estafeta Street in Pamplona is the most perilous stretch of the Running of the Bulls during the San Fermín festival each July. Known for its sharp turn and narrow walls, it’s where many gorings happen. Few realize the run began in the 14th century as a way to herd bulls to the ring. Today, runners must be over 18 and sober—though not all follow the rules. Locals often carry rolled newspapers to guide, not hit, the bulls. The route is carefully cleaned and guarded each day, making this chaotic spectacle surprisingly well-orchestrated beneath the danger. Photo: Atkins525. Wikipedia CC BY-SA 4.0
Estafeta Street in Pamplona is the most perilous stretch of the Running of the Bulls during the San Fermín festival each July. Known for its sharp turn and narrow walls, it’s where many gorings happen. Few realize the run began in the 14th century as a way to herd bulls to the ring. Today, runners must be over 18 and sober—though not all follow the rules. Locals often carry rolled newspapers to guide, not hit, the bulls. The route is carefully cleaned and guarded each day, making this chaotic spectacle surprisingly well-orchestrated beneath the danger. Photo: Atkins525. Wikipedia CC BY-SA 4.0

Ghost Airport: Ciudad Real, a symbol of economic excess

Ciudad Real Central Airport opened in 2009 with dreams of becoming a major international hub—backed by over €1 billion. Instead, it became a symbol of Spain’s pre-crisis overreach. Isolated from Madrid and ignored by airlines, it shut down within a few years. Though reopened in 2019, it has no scheduled flights and serves mostly as a storage site or film location. Today, it stands as one of Europe’s most infamous ghost airports—a cautionary monument to economic excess.


Catalonia: A modern independence struggle

Catalonia, with its own language and identity, has long pushed for greater autonomy from Spain. Tensions peaked in 2017 when the region held an unauthorized independence referendum, prompting a harsh response from Madrid. Some leaders were jailed or fled abroad. While support for independence remains strong among many Catalans, others prefer unity or greater autonomy. The debate continues to shape Spanish politics and Catalan society today.


Opened in 2009 at a cost of over €1 billion, Ciudad Real International Airport was built to handle even the Airbus A380—but no airlines came. Located far from Madrid and lacking connections, it closed by 2012 and was later auctioned for just €10,000. Reopened in 2019, it now serves mainly for aircraft storage and film shoots—a ghost airport born from Spain’s construction boom. Photo: kallerna, Wikipedia CC BY=SA 4.0
Opened in 2009 at a cost of over €1 billion, Ciudad Real International Airport was built to handle even the Airbus A380—but no airlines came. Located far from Madrid and lacking connections, it closed by 2012 and was later auctioned for just €10,000. Reopened in 2019, it now serves mainly for aircraft storage and film shoots—a ghost airport born from Spain’s construction boom. Photo: kallerna, Wikipedia CC BY=SA 4.0

Economy & industry

GDP: $1.6 trillion USD (2024 est.)

GDP per Capita: ~$33,000 USD

Main industries: Tourism, automotive, agriculture, textiles, energy

Unemployment rate: ~11.7%

Main exports: Cars, fruit, wine, pharmaceuticals

Tourism income: Over $90 billion USD

Ease of doing business: Ranked 30th (2020 index)

Cryptocurrency adoption: Growing interest, under regulation


Cost of living index

Moderate. Index around 55–60. Major cities are more expensive than rural areas.



Food in Spain is a vibrant celebration of regional flavors, shared meals, and deep traditions. At the heart of it all is paella – considered by many the national dish – a rich rice-based meal originally from Valencia, now found in countless variations across the country. Often cooked in giant pans at festivals and markets, like the one in this photo, seafood paella can cost anywhere from €10 to €20 per serving in restaurants, with local eateries offering more affordable versions. Beyond paella, Spain’s cuisine includes tapas, jamón ibérico, tortilla española, and fresh Mediterranean produce – a culinary heritage both simple and rich in soul. Photo: Xemenendura, Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0
Food in Spain is a vibrant celebration of regional flavors, shared meals, and deep traditions. At the heart of it all is paella – considered by many the national dish – a rich rice-based meal originally from Valencia, now found in countless variations across the country. Often cooked in giant pans at festivals and markets, like the one in this photo, seafood paella can cost anywhere from €10 to €20 per serving in restaurants, with local eateries offering more affordable versions. Beyond paella, Spain’s cuisine includes tapas, jamón ibérico, tortilla española, and fresh Mediterranean produce – a culinary heritage both simple and rich in soul. Photo: Xemenendura, Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0

Main groceries (avg. 2024 prices)

Bread (500g): $1.10

Milk (1L): $1.00

Eggs (12): $2.25

Cheese (1kg): $9

Chicken (1kg): $6

Rice (1kg): $1.20

Apples (1kg): $2

Potatoes (1kg): $1.30

Tomatoes (1kg): $1.80

Water (1.5L): $0.60


Beer: $1.00–$1.50

Wine: $4–$6

Liquor: $10–$15


Accommodations

Budget hotels: $40–$70

Mid-range: $80–$150

Luxury: $180+Hostels: $20–$40

Airbnb: $60–$120

Rent (city center): $800–$1,200

Rent (outside center): $550–$850


Restaurants, bars, and nightclubs

Budget meal: $123-course for two: $30–$40

Beer: $2.50–$3.50

Wine (glass): $3–$5

Cocktail: $7–$10

Nightclub entry: $10–$20


Rent a car

Compact: $25–$50/day

Fuel: ~$1.80/LIDP required for non-EU visitors


Transport

Metro/bus: $1.50–$2.00

Monthly pass: $40–$60

Taxi base fare: $3.50–$4.00

AVE high-speed trains: $70–$130 Madrid–Barcelona


Born in Barcelona in 1876, Estrella Damm is Spain’s most iconic beer—a Mediterranean lager brewed with 100% natural ingredients. Light, crisp, and perfect for hot afternoons, it’s deeply tied to Catalan identity and often paired with tapas by the sea. While known across Spain, few realize it’s one of Europe’s oldest beer brands still in operation, and brewed using the original recipe with no preservatives or additives. Photo: Gordito1869, Wikipedia, CC BY 3.0
Born in Barcelona in 1876, Estrella Damm is Spain’s most iconic beer—a Mediterranean lager brewed with 100% natural ingredients. Light, crisp, and perfect for hot afternoons, it’s deeply tied to Catalan identity and often paired with tapas by the sea. While known across Spain, few realize it’s one of Europe’s oldest beer brands still in operation, and brewed using the original recipe with no preservatives or additives. Photo: Gordito1869, Wikipedia, CC BY 3.0


Living

Total: ~47.8 million

Age structure: 0–14: 14%, 15–64: 64%, 65+: 22%

Median age: 45.7

Life expectancy: 83.3 years

Human rights: Strong legal protections, though regional tensions persist

Crime rate: Low; petty theft in tourist areas

Happiness index: Ranked 36th (2024

Education ranking: Mid-high in literacy and access

Health care system: Universal and highly rated

Alcohol consumption: ~10.5L/adult/year

Tobacco use: ~24% of adults


Free and compulsory ages 6–16. Options include vocational training, bachillerato, and university.

Top universities:– University of Barcelona– Complutense University of Madrid– Autonomous University of Madrid– Pompeu Fabra University– University of Granada

Healthcare challenges: Aging population, rural health disparities

«Every Spaniard is a politician from the cradle. They all know what is wrong and how to fix it.» George Orwell British writer, after fighting in the Spanish Civil War

Infrastructure

Main airports: Madrid-Barajas (MAD), Barcelona (BCN), Palma (PMI), Málaga (AGP), Alicante (ALC), Gran Canaria (LPA)

Number of airports: 50+

Railways: 15,000 km total; over 3,500 km high-speed AVE

Main ports: Algeciras, Barcelona, Valencia, Bilbao, Las Palmas

Public transport: Strong metro/bus/tram systems in major cities

Traffic congestion: Moderate (Barcelona & Madrid ~30%+)

Cycling infrastructure: Growing in major cities

Waste management: ~40% household recycling; rural areas improving

Flamenco is one of Spain’s most powerful cultural expressions—an art form born in Andalusia that blends passionate dance, guitar, and song. Characterized by dramatic footwork, swirling skirts, and deep emotion, Flamenco tells stories of love, struggle, and defiance. Its roots lie in the fusion of Romani, Moorish, Jewish, and Andalusian traditions. More than a performance, it’s a form of soulful release known as duende—a moment of raw, electrifying connection between artist and audience. Video: Kent Wang, Flickr CC BY-SA 2.0

Culture & traditions

Cuisine: Tapas, paella, gazpacho, jamón, churros Popular festivals: La Tomatina, San Fermín, Semana Santa, Las Fallas, Feria de Abril, Carnival Traditional clothing: Flamenco dresses, Cordobés hats, regional costumes Music & dance: Flamenco, jota, sardana, muñeira; global music scene thriving National anthem: Marcha Real (no lyrics)

«The Spanish kitchen is like its people: vibrant, layered, and unpretentious.» Ferran Adrià Renowned Catalan chef and pioneer of molecular gastronomy

Notable figures

Isabella I: the queen who united Spain

Isabella I of Castile (1451–1504) helped unify Spain through her marriage to Ferdinand II of Aragon, leading to the fall of Granada in 1492 and the end of Muslim rule. That same year, she sponsored Columbus’s voyage, launching Spain’s empire. Known for her religious reforms and strong leadership, Isabella played a key role in shaping modern Spain—both admired and controversial.

El Cid: Spain’s warrior legend

El Cid (c. 1043–1099), born Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar, is one of Spain’s greatest medieval heroes. A skilled military leader during the Reconquista, he fought both for and against Muslim rulers, making him a complex and pragmatic figure. Though born near Burgos, he carved out an independent rule in Valencia, which he captured in 1094 and governed until his death.

Immortalized in the epic poem El Cantar de Mio Cid, he became a symbol of Spanish honor, loyalty, and knightly virtue. Though much of his legend blends fact and myth, El Cid remains a national icon, with monuments, films, and literary works celebrating his life across Spain.

Miguel de Cervantes: the father of modern literature

Miguel de Cervantes (1547–1616) is best known as the author of Don Quixote, widely considered the first modern novel and a masterpiece of world literature. Born near Madrid, Cervantes led a turbulent life—as a soldier, tax collector, and prisoner—experiences that deeply influenced his writing. He fought at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, where he was wounded and lost use of his left hand.

Don Quixote, published in two parts (1605 and 1615), satirizes medieval chivalry through the misadventures of a nobleman who believes he's a knight. With its blend of humor, realism, and philosophical depth, the novel changed literary history.

Cervantes died the same year as Shakespeare and is buried in Madrid. His legacy lives on in literature, statues, and place names across Spain—most famously along the Ruta de Don Quijote in La Mancha.

Pablo Picasso, one of the most influential artists of the 20th century, is best known for founding Cubism and for masterpieces like Guernica—but there’s much the world overlooks. Born in Málaga in 1881, Picasso completed his first painting at age 9 and had his first art exhibit at 13. He signed his full name with 23 words, honoring relatives and saints. Though famous for his Spanish roots, he spent most of his life in France and never returned to Spain after Franco came to power. Few know that Picasso was also a prolific sculptor, ceramicist, playwright, and poet. He created an estimated 50,000 artworks in his lifetime and kept many hidden in his private collection. Even into his 90s, he worked daily, saying: ‘It takes a long time to become young.’ Picasso didn’t just break the rules—he reinvented them. Credit: Argentina, Wikipedia Public domanin
Pablo Picasso, one of the most influential artists of the 20th century, is best known for founding Cubism and for masterpieces like Guernica—but there’s much the world overlooks. Born in Málaga in 1881, Picasso completed his first painting at age 9 and had his first art exhibit at 13. He signed his full name with 23 words, honoring relatives and saints. Though famous for his Spanish roots, he spent most of his life in France and never returned to Spain after Franco came to power. Few know that Picasso was also a prolific sculptor, ceramicist, playwright, and poet. He created an estimated 50,000 artworks in his lifetime and kept many hidden in his private collection. Even into his 90s, he worked daily, saying: ‘It takes a long time to become young.’ Picasso didn’t just break the rules—he reinvented them. Credit: Argentina, Wikipedia Public domanin

Pablo Picasso: Spain’s revolutionary artist

Pablo Picasso (1881–1973) was one of the most influential artists of the 20th century, known for reshaping modern art through his constant reinvention of style. Born in Málaga, southern Spain, Picasso showed artistic genius from a young age. He later studied in Barcelona and Madrid, both of which played key roles in his early development.

Picasso co-founded Cubism and pioneered techniques that broke away from classical representation. His work spanned over 20,000 pieces—including paintings, sculptures, ceramics, and drawings. Among his most powerful works is Guernica (1937), a haunting anti-war mural inspired by the bombing of a Basque town during the Spanish Civil War.

Though he spent much of his life in France, Picasso remained deeply connected to his Spanish roots. Today, visitors can explore his legacy at the Museo Picasso Málaga, located in his birthplace, and the Museu Picasso in Barcelona, home to one of the most extensive collections of his early work.

Picasso’s life was as bold as his art—passionate, political, and endlessly creative.

Francisco de Goya: Spain’s dark visionary

Goya (1746–1828) was a court painter, social critic, and one of Spain’s most influential artists. Known for royal portraits, war scenes, and haunting works like The Third of May 1808 and the Black Paintings, he captured both the glory and horror of his times. His bold, emotional style bridged classical art and modern expression. Today, his most important works are housed in Madrid’s Museo del Prado.

Salvador Dalí: master of surrealism

Born in Catalonia in 1904, Salvador Dalí became a global icon of Surrealism, known for dreamlike works like The Persistence of Memory. Flamboyant and eccentric, he fused art, film, and performance. His legacy lives on in the Dalí Theatre-Museum in Figueres and his coastal home in Portlligat.

Federico García Lorca: poet of Andalusia

Born near Granada in 1898, Lorca was a brilliant poet and playwright known for works like Blood Wedding and The House of Bernarda Alba. His writing blended folk tradition, deep emotion, and social themes. Executed in 1936 during the Spanish Civil War, he remains a symbol of artistic freedom and Spanish cultural identity.

Pedro Almodóvar: Spain’s bold cinematic voice

Pedro Almodóvar (born 1949 in La Mancha) is Spain’s most internationally celebrated film director. Known for his vibrant colors, complex female characters, and emotional storytelling, Almodóvar rose to fame during Spain’s post-Franco cultural explosion, La Movida Madrileña. His films—such as All About My Mother, Talk to Her, and Volver—blend melodrama, dark humor, and taboo-breaking themes with unmistakable style.

A two-time Academy Award winner, Almodóvar’s work explores identity, sexuality, family, and memory, often drawing on his Manchegan roots and the energy of Madrid. He’s credited with reshaping modern Spanish cinema and giving it a global voice.


Photo: Penélope Cruz on the red carpet at the 2024 Goya Awards, held in Valladolid — dazzling in a floral gown and radiant as ever. A symbol of Spanish cinema, she continues to captivate both national and international audiences with elegance, talent, and timeless presence., Photo: Pedro J Pacheco, Wikipedia CC BY-SA 4.0
Photo: Penélope Cruz on the red carpet at the 2024 Goya Awards, held in Valladolid — dazzling in a floral gown and radiant as ever. A symbol of Spanish cinema, she continues to captivate both national and international audiences with elegance, talent, and timeless presence., Photo: Pedro J Pacheco, Wikipedia CC BY-SA 4.0

Penélope Cruz: Spain’s global film star

Penélope Cruz (born 1974 in Alcobendas, Madrid) is one of Spain’s most celebrated actresses, known for her beauty, talent, and versatility. She began her career in Spanish cinema and rose to fame through her collaborations with director Pedro Almodóvar, starring in acclaimed films like Volver, All About My Mother, and Pain and Glory.

Cruz became the first Spanish actress to win an Academy Award, for her role in Vicky Cristina Barcelona (2008), and has since built a successful international career, appearing in both European and Hollywood productions. Known for her emotional depth and powerful screen presence, she remains a symbol of Spanish cinema on the world stage.


 «Tapas are not just food, they are a way of life. Eating is a form of conversation in Spain.» Penélope Cruz Actress, in interviews about Spanish culture


Javier Bardem: Spain’s Oscar-winning actor

Born in Gran Canaria in 1969, Javier Bardem is known for intense roles in films like No Country for Old Men, Biutiful, and Vicky Cristina Barcelona. He became the first Spanish actor to win an Oscar, and is celebrated for his work in both Spanish and international cinema.

Rosalía: Flamenco rebel turned global pop star

Rosalía (born 1992 near Barcelona) has redefined Spanish music on the world stage. Blending traditional flamenco with trap, reggaetón, and electronic beats, she rose to fame with her groundbreaking album El Mal Querer (2018). Her bold visuals, powerful vocals, and genre-bending style have earned her Grammy and Latin Grammy awards, making her a global icon.

Proud of her Catalan roots, Rosalía fuses ancient rhythms with modern edge, bridging old and new Spain. Her hits like Malamente, Con Altura, and Despechá showcase a fearless artist reshaping the future of Latin music.

La Fama», the sultry bachata hit by ROSALÍA featuring The Weeknd, is the lead single from her groundbreaking 2022 album MOTOMAMI. Blending Latin rhythm with noir pop flair, the song explores the dark allure of fame—sung in Spanish by both artists. With MOTOMAMI, ROSALÍA pushed genre boundaries and redefined global pop on her own terms.

Rafael Nadal: Spain’s tennis legend

Born in Mallorca in 1986, Rafael Nadal is a global tennis icon with 22 Grand Slam titles, including a record 14 French Opens. Known as the «King of Clay», he’s celebrated for his power, humility, and fierce competitiveness. Nadal remains a national hero and a symbol of Spanish excellence.


King Felipe VI and Queen Letizia of Spain are modern faces of the monarchy, committed to constitutional values, international diplomacy, and social responsibility. While the King focuses on state affairs and upholding unity, Queen Letizia leads initiatives in public health, children’s rights, and education—often representing Spain at global forums like the WHO and UNICEF. What many don’t know is that Queen Letizia was an award-winning journalist and news anchor before joining the royal family. She holds a Master’s degree in audiovisual journalism, reported from ground zero after 9/11, and once taught high school. Known for her intelligence, independence, and strong voice on women’s issues, she has helped redefine the role of a queen consort in the 21st century. Photo: Antoine Gyori/Corbis, Flickr Public domain
King Felipe VI and Queen Letizia of Spain are modern faces of the monarchy, committed to constitutional values, international diplomacy, and social responsibility. While the King focuses on state affairs and upholding unity, Queen Letizia leads initiatives in public health, children’s rights, and education—often representing Spain at global forums like the WHO and UNICEF. What many don’t know is that Queen Letizia was an award-winning journalist and news anchor before joining the royal family. She holds a Master’s degree in audiovisual journalism, reported from ground zero after 9/11, and once taught high school. Known for her intelligence, independence, and strong voice on women’s issues, she has helped redefine the role of a queen consort in the 21st century. Photo: Antoine Gyori/Corbis, Flickr Public domain

Queen Letizia: Spain’s modern royal

Queen Letizia (born 1972 in Oviedo) is Spain’s first commoner-turned-queen consort. A former award-winning journalist and news anchor, she married King Felipe VI in 2004. Known for her elegance, intelligence, and modern outlook, she focuses on issues like education, health, and women's rights.

Letizia represents a new generation of European royalty—professional, media-savvy, and socially engaged—bringing a contemporary image to Spain’s monarchy.

«The Spanish transition to democracy was a miracle in motion, but it is not immune to erosion.» King Felipe VI In public remarks on preserving democratic values

In this powerful moment captured in Kyiv, Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez meets with Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy, reaffirming Spain’s support on the eve of the anniversary of Russia’s full-scale invasion. This marks Sánchez’s second wartime visit to Ukraine, a clear sign of Spain’s ongoing commitment to democratic values, European unity, and the defense of international law. Since the beginning of the war, Spain has provided humanitarian aid, military assistance, and diplomatic backing to Ukraine. Pedro Sánchez, leader of the Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party (PSOE), has served as Prime Minister since 2018. Known for his progressive agenda and pro-European stance, he has focused on social reforms, gender equality, green transition, and global diplomacy. With a background in economics and a reputation for calm resilience, Sánchez has become one of Europe’s key political figures in navigating both domestic challenges and international crises.Photo: President Of Ukraine, Flickr Public domain
In this powerful moment captured in Kyiv, Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez meets with Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy, reaffirming Spain’s support on the eve of the anniversary of Russia’s full-scale invasion. This marks Sánchez’s second wartime visit to Ukraine, a clear sign of Spain’s ongoing commitment to democratic values, European unity, and the defense of international law. Since the beginning of the war, Spain has provided humanitarian aid, military assistance, and diplomatic backing to Ukraine. Pedro Sánchez, leader of the Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party (PSOE), has served as Prime Minister since 2018. Known for his progressive agenda and pro-European stance, he has focused on social reforms, gender equality, green transition, and global diplomacy. With a background in economics and a reputation for calm resilience, Sánchez has become one of Europe’s key political figures in navigating both domestic challenges and international crises.Photo: President Of Ukraine, Flickr Public domain

Sports

Spain is a global sports powerhouse. In football, La Liga features iconic clubs like Real Madrid and Barcelona, while the national team claimed the 2010 World Cup and back-to-back Euro titles in 2008 and 2012. Rafael Nadal leads Spain’s tennis legacy, with multiple Grand Slam wins and Olympic gold.


In basketball, Spain is a FIBA World and EuroBasket champion, producing NBA stars like Pau Gasol.

Fernando Alonso brought Spanish flair to Formula 1, winning two world titles, while Miguel Induráin dominated cycling, winning the Tour de France five times.

From stadiums to circuits, Spain’s passion for sport runs deep.

Military & security

Expenditure: 1.2% of GDP Active personnel: ~120,000 Alliances: NATO, EU, UN Terrorism threat: Moderate

Drug problems: Entry point for cocaine and cannabis into Europe Cybersecurity: Strong, coordinated with EU Internet penetration: ~93%


AI & tech industry

Growing in Madrid and Barcelona; strong government support

Patents & innovation: Focus on biotech, energy, aerospace

E-commerce: Rapid growth; local and global platforms thrive

Research & development: 1.4% of GDP; emphasis on green energy and health


Official websites


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